Endnotes

 

¹ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Office of Applied Studies (OAS). (2009, April). Children living with substance-dependent or substance-abusing parents: 2002–2007. The NSDUH Report [On-line]. Available: http://oas.samhsa.gov/2k9/SAparents/SAparents.htm. back

² DeBellis, M. D., Broussard, E. R., Herring, D. J., Wexler, S., Moritz, G., & Benitez, J. G. (2001). Psychiatric co-morbidity in caregivers and children involved in maltreatment: A pilot research study with policy implications. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25(7), 923–944; Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Croft, J. B., Edwards, V. J., & Giles, W. H. (2001). Growing up with parental alcohol abuse: Exposure to childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25(12), 1627–1640; Chaffin, M., Kelleher, K., & Hollenberg, J. (1996). Onset of physical abuse and neglect: Psychiatric, substance abuse, and social risk factors from prospective community data. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20(3), 191–203. back

³ Kelleher, K., Chaffin, M., Hollenberg, J., & Fischer, E. (1994). Alcohol and drug disorders among physically abusive and neglectful parents in a community-based sample. American Journal of Public Health, 84(10), 1586–1590. back

⁴ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families (ACF). (2008). Child maltreatment 2006 [On-line]. Available: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/resource/child-maltreatment-2006. back

⁵ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ACF. (1999). Blending perspectives and building common ground. A report to Congress on substance abuse and child protection [On-line]. Available: http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/subabuse99/subabuse.htm. back

⁶ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ACF. (1999); Hans, S. (1995). Diagnosis in etiologic and epidemiologic studies. In C. Jones & M. De La Rosa (Eds.), Methodological issues: Etiology and consequences of drug abuse among women. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); Tarter, R., Blackson, T., Martin, C., Loeber, R., & Moss, H. (1993). Characteristics and correlates of child discipline practices in substance abuse and normal families. American Journal on Addictions, 2(1), 18–25; Kumpfer, K. L., & Bayes, J. (1995). Child abuse and drugs. In J. H. Jaffe (Ed.), The encyclopedia of drugs and alcohol (Vol. 1, pp. 217–222). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. back

⁷ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ACF. (1999). back

⁸ Young, N. K., & Gardner, S. L. (2002). Navigating the pathways: Lessons and promising practices in linking alcohol and drug services with child welfare. Technical Assistance Publication (TAP) 27. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA. back

⁹ American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th Ed., Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: Author. back

¹⁰ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA. (2008). Results from the 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National findings [On-line]. Available: http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh/2k7nsduh/2k7Results.cfm#TOC. back

¹¹ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA. (2008); U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2008). Alcohol and public health [On-line]. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/index.htm; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, & U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2005). Dietary guidelines for Americans 2005 [On-line]. Available: http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/document/html/chapter9.htm. back

¹² U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA. (1999a). Drug abuse and addiction research: 25 years of discovery to advance the health of the public [On-line]. Available: http://www.drugabuse.gov/STRC/STRCindex.html; Leshner, A. I. (2001). Addiction is a brain disease. Issues in Science and Technology Online [On-line]. Available: http://www.nap.edu/issues/17.3/leshner.htm. back

¹³ Straussner, S. L. A., & Attia, P. R. (2002). Women's addiction treatment through a historical lens. In S. L. A. Straussner & S. Brown (Eds.), The handbook of addiction treatment for women (pp. 3–25). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; Musto, D. F. (1997). Historical perspectives. In J. H. Lowinson, P. Ruiz, R. B. Millman, & J. G. Langrod (Eds.), Substance abuse: A comprehensive textbook (pp. 1–10). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins. back

¹⁴ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH, NIDA. (2008). Drugs, brains, and behavior: The science of addiction [On-line]. Available: http://www.drugabuse.gov/Scienceofaddiction/. back

¹⁵ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH, NIDA. (2005a). Addiction is a chronic disease [On-line]. Available: http://www.nida.nih.gov/about/welcome/aboutdrugabuse/chronicdisease; World Health Organization. (2004). Neuroscience of psychoactive substance use and dependence: Summary [On-line]. Available: http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/en/Neuroscience_E.pdf; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH, NIDA. (2008). back

¹⁶ Anthenelli, R. M., & Schuckit, M. A. (1997). Genetics. In J. H. Lowinson, P. Ruiz, R. B. Millman, & J. G. Langrod (Eds.), Substance abuse: A comprehensive textbook (pp. 41–51). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins. back

¹⁷ World Health Organization. (2004); U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA. (1999b). Mental health: A report of the surgeon general [On-line]. Available: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/home.html; Anthenelli, R. M., & Schuckit, M. A. (1997). back

¹⁸ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH, NIDA. (2008). back

¹⁹ Alcoholics Anonymous. (1972). A brief guide to Alcoholics Anonymous [On-line]. Available: http://www.aa.org/en_pdfs/p-42_abriefguidetoaa.pdf; Alcoholics Anonymous. (2001). The big book [On-line]. Available: http://www.aa.org/bigbookonline/. back

²⁰ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH, NIDA. (2005b) Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research based guide [On-line]. Available: www.nida.nih.gov/PODAT/PODATindex.html; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH, NIDA. (n.d.) The brain and addiction [On-line]. Available: http://teens.drugabuse.gov/drnida/drnida_brain2.asp#voluntary. back

²¹ Semidei, J., Radel, L., & Nolan, C. (2001). Substance abuse and child welfare: Clear linkages and promising responses. Child Welfare, 80(2), 69–128. back

²² U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA. (2008). back

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²⁴ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA. (1999b). back

²⁵ Wright, S. (2000). Women's use of drugs: Gender-specific factors. In H. Klee, M. Jackson, & S. Lewis (Eds.), Drug use and motherhood (pp. 15–31). New York, NY: Routledge. back

²⁶ Pagliaro, A. M., & Pagliaro, L. (2000). Substance use among women: A reference and resource guide. Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel. back

²⁷ Daly, J. E., & Pelowski, S. (2000). Predictors of dropout among men who batter: A review of studies with implications for research and practice. Violence and Victims, 15(2), 137–160; Barrerra, M., Palmer, S., Brown, R., & Kalaher, S. (1994). Characteristics of court involved men and non-court involved men who abuse their wives. Journal of Family Violence, 9(4), 333–345; Gelles, R. (1993). Alcohol and other drugs are associated with violence—They are not its causes. In R. Gelles & D. Loseke (Eds.), Current controversies in family violence (pp. 182–196). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. back

²⁸ Bragg, H. L. . Child protection in families experiencing domestic violence [On-line]. Available: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/usermanuals/domesticviolence/domesticviolence.pdf. back

²⁹ Cunradi, C. B., Caetano, R., & Schafer, J. (2002). Alcohol-related problems, drug use, and male partner violence severity. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 26(4), 493–500; Brickley, M. R., & Shephard, J. P. (1995). The relationship between alcohol intoxication, injury severity and Glasgow coma scores in assault patients. Injury, 26(5), 311–314; Shephard, J. P., & Brickley, M. R. (1996). The relationship between alcohol intoxication, stressors and injury in urban violence. British Journal of Criminology, 36(4), 546–566. back

³⁰ Najavits, L. M. (2001). Seeking safety: A treatment manual for PTSD and substance abuse. New York, NY: Guilford Press. back

³¹ Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048–1060. back

³² Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Dansky, B. S., Saunders, B. E., & Best, C. L. (1993). Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative sample of women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 984–991. back

³³ Smyth, N. (1998). Exploring the nature of the relationship between poverty and substance abuse: Knowns and unknowns. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 1(1), 67–82. back

³⁴ Drake, B., & Pandy, S. (1996). Understanding the relationship between neighborhood poverty and specific types of child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20(11), 1003–1018; Sedlak, A. J., & Broadhurst, D. D. (1996). Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS-3). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect; Boney-McCoy, S., & Finkelhor, D. (1995). Prior victimization: A risk factor for child sexual abuse and for PTSD-related symptomatology among sexually abused youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19(12), 1401–1421; Pelton, L. H., & Milner, J. S. (1994). Is poverty a key contributor to child maltreatment? In E. Gambrill & T. J. Stein (Eds.), Controversial issues in child welfare (pp. 16–28). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon; Coulton, C., Korbin, J., Su, M., & Chow, J. (1995). Community level factors and child maltreatment rates. Child Development, 66(5), 1262–1276; Jones, L. (1990). Unemployment and child abuse. Families in Society, (71)10, 579–587. back

³⁵ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA. Homelessness: Provision of mental health and substance abuse services [On-line]. Available: http://www.mentalhealth.org/publications/allpubs/homelessness; The United States Conference of Mayors. (2006). Hunger, homelessness still a challenge in America according to Mayors/Sodexho [Online]. Available: http://www.usmayors.org/uscm/us_mayor_newspaper/documents/01_16_06/hunger.asp. back

³⁶ Columbia University, National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse. (1998). Behind bars: Substance abuse and America's prison population [On-line]. Available: http://www.casacolumbia.org/pdshopprov/files/5745.pdf. back

³⁷ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA, OAS. (2005). Illicit drug use among persons arrested for serious crimes [On-line]. Available: http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k5/arrests/arrests.cfm. back

³⁸ Abram, K. M., & Teplin, L. A. (1991). Co-occurring disorders among mentally ill jail detainees. American Psychologist, 46(10), 1036–1045. back

³⁹ Beck, A. J., Karberg, J. C., & Harrison, P. M. (2002). Prison and jail inmates at midyear 2001. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin [On-line]. Available: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/pjim01.pdf; Sabol, W. J., Minton, T. D., & Harrison, P. M. (2007). Prison and jail inmates at midyear 2006. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin [On-line]. Available: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/pjim06.pdf. back

⁴⁰ Greenfield, L. A., & Snell, T. L. (2000). Women offenders [On-line]. Available: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/wo.pdf; Snell, T. L. (1994). Women in prison [On-line]. Available: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/wopris.pdf. back

⁴¹ Snell, T. L. (1994). back

⁴² Otero, C., Boles, S., Young, N. K., & Dennis, K. (2004). Methamphetamine: Addiction, treatment, outcomes and implications. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA. back

⁴³ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA. (2008). back

⁴⁴ U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.). Methamphetamine [On-line]. Available: http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/concern/meth.html#3. back

⁴⁵ Office of National Drug Control Policy. (2006). Drug Endangered Children (DEC) [On-line]. Available: http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/enforce/dr_endangered_child.html. back

⁴⁶ Otero, C., et al. (2004). back

⁴⁷ National Association of Counties. (2005). The meth epidemic in America: Two surveys of U.S. counties: The criminal effect of meth on communities & the impact of meth on children [On-line]. Available: http://www.naco.org. back

⁴⁸ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA, OAS. (2009). back

⁴⁹ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ACF. (1999). back

⁵⁰ Zuckerman, B. (1994). Effects on parents and children. In D. Besharov (Ed.), When drug addicts have children. Washington, DC: Child Welfare League of America. back

⁵¹ Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, 42 U.S.C. 5106g, §Sec.111-2. back

⁵² Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, 42 U.S.C. 5106g, §Sec.111-2. back

⁵³ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA. (2008). back

⁵⁴ Landdeck-Sisco, J. (1997). Children with prenatal drug and/or alcohol exposure [On-line]. Available: http://www.archrespite.org/archfs49.htm. back

⁵⁵ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA. (2007). Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) 1995–2005: National admissions to substance abuse treatment services [On-line]. Available: http://wwwdasis.samhsa.gov/teds05/tedsad2k5web.pdf. back

⁵⁶ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA. (2002). Pregnant women in substance abuse treatment. The DASIS report [On-line]. Available: http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k2/pregTX/pregTX.htm. back

⁵⁷ Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2006). Prenatal drug use as child abuse [On-line]. Available: www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/statutes/drugexposed.pdf (PDF - 324 KB). back

⁵⁸ University of California-Santa Barbara, School of Sociology. (n.d.). Effects of drugs taken during pregnancy [On-line]. Available: http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/?article=pregnancy&refid=003. back

⁵⁹ National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. (2004). Frequently asked questions [On-line]. Available: http://www.nofas.org/faqs.aspx?id=9. back

⁶⁰ McCreight, B. (1997). Recognizing and managing children with fetal alcohol syndrome/fetal alcohol effects: A guidebook (pp. 9–15). Washington, DC: Child Welfare League of America. back

⁶¹ Phibbs, C. S., Bateman, D. A., & Schwartz, R. M. (1991). The neonatal costs of maternal cocaine use. Journal of the American Medical Association, 266(11), 1521–1526; Zuckerman, B., Frank, D. A., Hingson, R., Amaro, H., & Levenson, S. M. (1989). Effects of maternal marijuana and cocaine use on fetal growth. New England Journal of Medicine, 320(14), 762–768; Canadian Health Network, Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. (2004). What are the effects of alcohol and other drugs during pregnancy? [On-line]. Available: http://www.canadian-health-network.ca. back

⁶² Noland, J. S., Singer, L. T., & Arendt, R. E. (2003). Executive functioning in preschool-aged children prenatally exposed to alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 27(4), 647–656. back

⁶³ Vogel, A. (1997). Neurodevelopment: Cocaine wreaks subtle damage on developing brains. Science, 278(5335), 38–39. back

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⁷³ National Research Council, Panel on Research on Child Abuse and Neglect. (1993). Understanding child abuse and neglect. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; Dembo, R., Dertke, M., La Voie, L., Borders, S., Washburn, M., & Schmeidler, J. (1987). Physical abuse, sexual victimization and illicit drug use: A structural analysis among high-risk adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 10(1), 13–34. back

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¹⁰¹ Child Welfare League of America. (2002). CWLA testimony submitted to the Senate Finance Subcommittee on Social Security and Family Policy for the hearing on issues in TANF reauthorization: Helping hard-to-employ families [On-line]. Available: http://www.cwla.org/advocacy/tanf020425.htm. back

¹⁰² U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA. (2008). back

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¹¹³ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA. (2008). back

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